‘Art & Civilization’

Contents

  • Art & Civilization’ Book & YouTube Channel.
  • My Art & Civilization Blogs.
  • Sacred Symbols in Ancient Art.
  • Research Bibliography.

‘Art & Civilization’ Book & YouTube Channel

Ancient Art provides a window into the soul of Civilizations – past, present, and future.

So, what can humanity learn about the past; and what lessons can be drawn about the future of Civilization from Ancient Art?

Those are the core questions I will research, examine and discuss in a new book for general readership, entitled – Art and Civilization’.

I am aiming to start work on the Book toward the end of 2026.

My starting point will be to read widely, in-depth and critically about:

  • The History of Ancient Civilizations;
  • Art History; and
  • How to interpret Ancient Art in both its Cultural and Historical Context.

See the Research Bibliography below.

To develop my knowledge and sharpen my analytical skills as a writer and commentator, provided I can dedicate the necessary time, I may also undertake a part-time postgraduate course in Art History.

Meanwhile, I will assemble a bank of background material for the book, by writing blogs about a wide and disparate range of Art & Civilization themes and subjects, as and when they occur to me – see below.

Upon completion of the Book I intend to start a YouTube Channel focussing upon the themes and subjects discussed in the Book.

My ‘Art & Civilization’ Blogs

  • ‘Sacred Symbols in Ancient Art’

Sacred symbols in ancient art serve as powerful visual representations of cultural beliefs, spiritual concepts, and societal values. These symbols, found across various civilizations, convey profound meanings and connect us to the thoughts, beliefs, and experiences of people from the past.

Examples of Sacred Symbols:

ANCIENT ART

  • A Circle inside a SquareIn Ancient Art and philosophy, a circle inside a square symbolizes the reconciliation of opposites, the unity of the spiritual and material realms, or the integration of the divine and earthly principles. The circular form represents the infinite, perfection, and heaven, while the square embodies the finite, stability, and the earthly realm, with their combination signifying spiritual transcendence, balance, and the completion of the Great Work. This symbol is found in alchemical traditions, spiritual quests, and even in representations of cosmic unity, such as mandorlas in Christian art or the architecture of sacred sites like the Kaaba, to express the fusion of opposing yet complementary forces.

Key Symbolism:

Heaven and Earth

The most common interpretation is that the circle symbolizes heaven or the divine, while the square represents the earth or the material world, and their merging signifies the union of these two domains.

Union of Opposites

It represents the reconciliation of seemingly opposite concepts, like the infinite and the finite, or the divine and the earthly, achieving harmony and balance.

Spiritual and Physical Harmony

The squared circle can symbolize the alchemical quest to unite the spiritual and material aspects of existence, leading to perfection and enlightenment.

Transcendence and Perfection

It embodies the idea of spiritual awakening, transformation, and the fulfillment of the soul’s journey, resulting in a balanced and perfected state.

Examples in Ancient and Spiritual Contexts:

Alchemical Symbolism

The squared circle is a key symbol in alchemy, representing the Philosopher’s Stone and the union of opposites necessary for the Great Work of transformation.

Sacred Architecture

The architecture of sacred spaces, like the Kaaba in Islam, can represent a symbolic meeting of heaven and earth, acting as a spiritual center.

Christian Art

The mandorla, a pointed oval sometimes enclosed by a square, symbolizes the divine union of Christ’s human and divine natures in the Resurrection, representing perfection and fulfilment, according to the Magis Center.

Mandalas and Yantras

In some traditions, the combination of circle and square in mandalas and yantras helps focus and examine energy in a controlled manner, promoting clarity and the generation of new energy.

Mandalas and Yantras are geometric designs used in spiritual traditions to aid meditation, focus, and the invocation of deities or spiritual energies. Mandalas’ are typically larger circular diagrams representing the cosmos or the universe, while ‘Yantras’ are smaller, more specialized geometric diagrams often used as a visual anchor for specific mantras, or sacred sounds. Yantras function as ‘instruments‘ or ‘engines,‘ calling a deity into the presence of the practitioner through their symbolic and intricate designs.  

  • The Faravahar:   In ancient Zoroastrian art, the Faravahar symbolizes the core principles of good thoughts, good words, and good deeds through its distinct features: the human face represents the soul, the pointing hand signifies aspiration, the wings embody the threefold path to righteousness, the central circle represents the eternal soul, and the opposing lower wings depict the struggle against evil. While its exact meaning is debated, it is widely understood as a guardian spirit, a symbol of moral choice, and a representation of divine power or glory.

Symbolic Elements of the Faravahar:

Human Face

This element signifies the human soul, embodying our capacity for spiritual understanding and growth.

Pointing Hand

The upward-pointing hand represents aspirations and the human desire to reach higher spiritual goals.

Wings

The three layers of feathers in the wings are a profound representation of the core Zoroastrian concept of ‘good thoughts, good words, and good deeds’.

Circle

The central circular disc symbolizes the eternal nature of the soul and the cyclical nature of life.

Lower Tail

The tail, often described as a rudder, suggests the guidance and balance needed to overcome the forces of evil.

Opposing Wings/Tail

Some interpretations suggest the opposing nature of the two wings or tail sections represents the ongoing struggle between good and evil, a central theme in Zoroastrian dualism.

Broader Significance:

Guardian Spirit 

The Faravahar is often seen as a guardian spirit or a representation of the divine glory or power known as Khvarenah.

Moral Guide

The symbol serves as a reminder and guide for individuals to live a moral and virtuous life by focusing on good thoughts, words, and actions.

Achaemenid Empire Identity

The Faravahar was prominently displayed on the stone carvings of the Achaemenid Empire at Persepolis, acting as a symbol of their cultural and religious identity.

  • The PhoenixIn Ancient Art, the Phoenix symbolizes renewal, resurrection, and immortality, representing the triumph of life over death and the ability to rise from destruction to a fresh start. It was associated with the sun, the Roman Empire, and as an allegory for Christ in Christianity, appearing in various cultural traditions and artistic forms, from Egyptian mythology (as the Bennu) to the Roman coinage and later medieval bestiaries.

Symbolism of the Phoenix:

Renewal and Resurrection

The most prominent symbol is the cycle of death and rebirth from its own ashes, representing a new beginning and the triumph of life over death.

Immortality and Eternal Life

The bird’s long life and rebirth from its own remains signify enduring existence.

Hope and Transformation 

It embodies the idea of overcoming adversity and emerging stronger from difficult times.

The Sun

In Egyptian mythology, the Bennu (the Egyptian phoenix) was linked to the sun god Ra and symbolized the sun’s cyclical nature and power.

Cultural & Historical Significance in Art:

Ancient Egypt

The Bennu bird was connected to the sun and represented the cyclical nature of life and the sun’s eternal cycle.

Ancient Greece & Rome

The Phoenix was seen as a symbol of immortality and renewal, with its vibrant plumage representing the sun’s radiance. It was depicted on coinage in the late Roman Empire to symbolize the Eternal City of Rome.

Christianity

Early Christians adopted the phoenix as an allegory for Christ’s death and resurrection. It appeared on early Christian tombstones, reinforcing the concept of life after death.

Chinese Culture

The Fenghuang, the Chinese phoenix, symbolizes grace, virtue, and harmony. It was associated with the imperial house and represented fidelity and good fortune.

Medieval Art:

The phoenix was a popular figure in medieval bestiaries, frequently used as a symbol for Christ and his sacrifice.

ANCIENT EGYPT
    • Ankh: Symbolizes life and immortality.
    • Eye of Horus (Wadjet): Represents protection, healing, and restoration.
    • Shen Ring: Symbolizes eternity and protection.
    • Ouroboros: Represents the cycle of life, death, and rebirth.
    • Ka and Ba: Represent the life force and personality of the soul, respectively.

OTHER CULTURES

    • Mandala: Represents the universe and wholeness in Hindu and Buddhist traditions.
    • Flower of Life: A sacred geometric pattern found in various cultures, representing creation and interconnectedness.
    • Cross: A central symbol in Christianity, representing the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus Christ.
    • Arabesques: Geometric patterns in Islamic art, symbolizing the infinite nature of God.
    • Dove: Symbolizes peace and the Holy Spirit in Christian art.
    • Snakes: Can symbolize both danger and wisdom in various cultures.
    • Sphinx: Symbolizes wisdom, power, and protection.

Purpose of Sacred Symbols:

  • Convey spiritual concepts:

Symbols communicate abstract ideas about life, death, the divine, and the cosmos.

  • Evoke emotions and awe:

Sacred symbols can evoke a sense of reverence, wonder, and spiritual connection.

  • Represent cultural beliefs:

Symbols reflect the values, beliefs, and worldview of a particular culture.

  • Guide spiritual journeys:

Symbols can serve as visual tools to aid in meditation, contemplation, and spiritual growth.

  • Communicate across time:

Symbols provide a way to understand the thoughts and beliefs of past civilizations.

  • Enhance rituals and ceremonies:

Symbols play a vital role in religious and cultural ceremonies, adding meaning and significance.

Examples of Sacred Geometry:

Found in the proportions of the Great Pyramids at Giza, as well as in nature.

Used in ancient Egypt and other cultures, often aligned with cardinal directions and incorporating sacred geometry.

Found in various forms of ancient art and architecture, reflecting a belief in the mathematical order of the universe.

By studying sacred symbols in ancient art, we can gain a deeper understanding of the cultures that created them and the profound spiritual ideas that shaped their world.

Research Bibliography (30.08.2025)

See also the Bibliography on the ‘Mediation of Cultural Heritage Disputes’ page – which I am currently reading as background research for my next book – ‘Mediation of Cultural Heritage Disputes.’

Adkinson, Robert, Editor (2009) Sacred Symbols – People, Religions, Mysteries, Thames & Hudson.

Alouf, Michel M. (2018) History of Baalbek, Forgotten Books.

Beard, Mary (2024) Civilisations: How Do We Look / The Eye of Faith, Profile Books.

Berger, John (1972) Ways of Seeing, BBC & Penguin Books.

Bingham, Hiram (1951) Lost City Of The Incas – The Story of Machu Picchu and its Builders, The Folio Society.

Braudel, Fernand (1966) The Mediterranean And The Mediterranean World (Volumes 1 – 3), The Folio Society.

Brook, Timothy (2019) Great State: China and the World, Profile Books.

Bronowski, Jacob (2011) The Ascent Of Man, BBC Books.

Bryce, Trevor (2019) Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History, Oxford University Press.

Burckhardt, Jacob (1878) The Civilization Of The Renaissance In Italy, The Folio Society.

Carstens, Anne-Marie & Elizabeth Varner (2020), Intersections In International Cultural Heritage Law, Oxford University Press.

Clark, Sir Kenneth (1969), Civilisation, John Murray Publishers Ltd.

Cotterel, Arthur, Editor (1980) The Penguin Encyclopaedia of Ancient Civilization, Penguin Books.

Crawford, Emily and Alison Pert (2024) International Humanitarian Law, Third Edition, Cambridge University Press.

Dalrymple, William (2025) The Golden Road: How Ancient India Transformed the World, Bloomsbury Publishing.

Da Silva, Raven Todd (2024) The Other Ancient Civilisations: Decoding Archaeology’s Less Celebrated Cultures, Mango.

Davies, Stephen (2016) The Philosophy Of Art Second Edition, Wiley Blackwell.

D’Alleva, Anne (2004) Methods & Theories Of Art History, Second Edition, Laurence King Publishing.

Debo, Angie (2003) A History Of The Indians Of The United States, The Folio Society.

Diamond, Jared (2011) Collapse – How Societies Choose To Fail Or Succeed, Penguin Books.

Dodds, Jerrilynn D. (1992) Al-Andalus – The Art Of Islamic Spain, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Dromgoole, Sarah (2014) Underwater Cultural Heritage and International Law, Cambridge University Press.

Durbach, Andrea and Lucas Lixinski (2019) Heritage, Culture And Rights – Challenging Discourses, Hart.

Fergusson, Niall (2011) Civilization, Allen Lane.

Francioni, Francesco and Ana Filipa Vrdoljak (2020) The Oxford Handbook of International Cultural Heritage Law, Oxford University Press.

Frankopan, Peter (2016) The Silk Roads: A New History of the World,

Bloomsbury Publishing.

Frankopan, Peter (2019) The New Silk Roads: The Present and Future of the World, Bloomsbury Publishing.

Goldsmith, Elizabeth Edwards (1911), Sacred Symbols In Art The Knickerbocker Press, New York.

Gernet, Jacques (2002) A History of Chinese Civilisation ( Volumes 1 & 2), The Folio Society.

Gombrich, E.H. (2007) The Story of Art, Phaidon Press.

Gombrich, E.H. (2008) A Little History of the World, Yale University Press.

Gozzi, Gustavo (2010) Rights and Civilizations, Cambridge Univbersity Press.

Graham-Dixon, Andrew, Editorial Consultant (2023) Art – The Definitive Visual History, DK.

Hagger, Nicholas (2008) Rise and Fall of Civilizations, The: Why Civilizations Rise and Fall and What Happens When They End, Iff Books.

Hapgood, Charles H. (1966) Maps Of The Ancient Sea Kings, Adventure Unlimited Press.

Hodder, Ian (2006) The Leopard’s Tale – Revealing the Mysteries of Catalhoyuk, Thames & Hudson.

Holland, Tom (2023) Pax: War and Peace in Rome’s Golden Age, Abacus.

Holst, Sanford (2021) Phoenicians – Lebanon’s Epic Heritage, Santorini Books.

Keay, John (2003) India – A History (Volumes 1 & 2), The Folio Society.

Kennedy, Paul (1988) The Rise And Fall Of The Great Powers – Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000, William Collins.

Kim, Jihon (2021) Non-State Actors in the Protection of Cyultural Heritage  -An Analysis on Their Rights, Obligations, and Roles, Springer.

Kinross, Lord (1977) The Ottoman Empire, The Folio Society.

Lee. Jonathan (2018) Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present, Reaktion Books.

Lancel, Serge (1992) Carthage – A History, The Folio Society.

Lloyd, Seton (1989) Ancient Turkey – A Traveller’s History of Anatolia, British Museum Publications.

Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2023) Persians: The Age of The Great Kings, Wildfire.

Lucie-Smith, Edward (1993) Art and Civilization, Prentice-Hall.

MacDonald, Eve (2025) Carthage: A new history of an ancient empire, Ebury Press.

Mackintosh-Smith, Tim (2019) Arabs: A 3,000 Year History of Peoples, Tribes and Empires, Yale University Press.

May, Larry (2018) The Cambridge Handbook Of The Just War, Cambridge University Press.

Michel, John (2009) How The World Is Made – The Story Of Creation According To Scared Geometry, Thames & Hudson.

Mirzoeff, Nicholas (2015) How to See the World Pelican.

Mokhtar, G., Editor (1990) General History of Africa Volume II -Ancient Civilizations of Africa.

Moorehead, Alan (2001) The Blue Nile, The Folio Society.

Moorehead, Alan (2001) The White Nile, The Folio Society.

Myers Bernard S. (1967) Art and Civilization, Hamlyn.

Norwich, John Julius (1988) Byzantium (Volumes 1 -3), The Folio Society.

Norwich, John Julius (2006) The Middle Sea – A History of the Mediterranean (Volumes 1 and 2), The Folio Society.

O’Keefe Patrick J. (2014) Shipwrecked Heritage – A Commentary On The UNESCO Convention On Underwater Cultural Heritage, Institute of Art & Law.

O’Keefe Patrick J. (2014) Protecting Cultural Objects Before And After 1970, Institute of Art & Law.

Ostler, Nicholas (2005) Empires Of The Word – A Language History of the World, The Folio Society.

Prowda, Judith (2013) Visual arts and the law (2013), Sotheby’s Institute of Art.

Preziosi, Donald (2009) The Art of Art History, Oxford University Press.

Quinn, Josephine (2018) In Search Of The Phoenicians, Princeton University Press.

Quinn, Josephine (2025) How the World Made the West: A 4,000-Year History, Bloomsbury Publishing.

Raja, Rubina, Editor (2024) The Oxford Handbook of Palmyra, Oxford University Press.

Santillana, Giorgio de and Hertha von Dechend (1977) Hamlet’s Mill – An essay on myth and the frame of time, Godine.

Saul, Ben and Dapo Akande (2020) The Oxford Guide To International Humanitarian Law, Oxford University Press.

Sassoli, Marco (2024) Interntional Humanitarian Law – Rules, Controversies, and Solutions to Problems Arising in Warfare, Edward Elgar Publishing.

Schabas, William A. (2025) Genocide in International Law – The Crime of Crimes, Third Edition, Cambridge University Press.

Shaw, Ian (2000) The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Oxford University Press.

Sheppard, Anne (1987) Aesthetics – An introduction to the philosophy of art, Oxford University Press.

Stamatoudi, Irini, Editor (2022) Research Handbook On Intellectual Property and Cultural Heritage, Edward Elgar Publishing.

Stonnard, John-Paul Creation – Art Since The Beginning, Bloomsbury Circus.

Sullivan, William (1997) The Secret of the Incas: Myth, Astronomy, and the War Against Time, Crown.

Taylor, Jane (2012) Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans, I B Tauris & Co Ltd.

Terpestra, Taco (2019) Trade In The Ancient Mediterranean – Private Order and Public Institutions, Princeton University Press.

Tsagourias, Nicholas and Alasdair Morrison (2023) International Humanitarian Law – Cases, Material And Commentary, Second Edition, Cambridge University Press.

Varner, Elizabeth and Anne-Marie Carstens, Editors (2020) Intersections In International Cultural Heritage Law, Oxford University Press.

Virga, Nino (2023) Empires through Time: The Rise, Reign and Decline of Global Powers (Power and the Shifting Tides of History).

Wood, Michael (2005) In Search Of The First Civilizations, BBC Books.

Walsh, Harry A. Pyramids of the Desert – The Enigmatic Rise of Caral.

Welsby, Derek A. & David W. Phillipson Empires of the Nile, The Folio Society.

Wilkinson, Toby (2010) The Rise and Fall Of Ancient Egypt – The History of Civilization from 3000 BC to Cleopatra, Bloomsbury.