My next book is entitled – ‘Claims for the Return of Ancient Art – A Handbook for Claimants Museums & Galleries.’
Claims for the restitution and repatriation of ancient art are multifaceted, legally complex, often involve multiple stakeholders, and can be multi-jurisdictional.
‘The handing back of property to the original possessor or owner is known variously as restitution, return, and repatriation … are treated differently in law, with some covered by private law instruments and others by public law. … [Points] of convergence can be seen where there are no legal means of claiming restitution, either because the passage of time or because there has been no unlawful act. It can also happen that, once outside the state territory, there may be limits to the protection afforded to a disputed item of property under public law, even where international conventions apply, as these are sometimes unenforceable.’ (Cornu, Marie & Marc-Andre Renold ‘New developments in the restitution of cultural property: alternative means of dispute resolution’ , 17 Intnl J. Cultural Prop.1 (2010), pp. 1-2).
The result is limbo.
A further legal impediment, is that museum trustees cannot voluntarily dispose of artefacts in a museum’s collection, whatever the merits of a moral/ethical case for repatriation, unless the disposal is lawful.
‘Although the law is not blind to moral claims, trustees and those who control charitable institutions can only satisfy such claims within the framework of the law..’ (‘Ethical Dilemmas For Charities: Museums And The Conscionable Disposal Of Art’ by The Hon. Sir Anthony Mason AC KBE, Art Antiquity And Law, Vol VIII, Issue 1, March 2003, p.3).
The book will discuss Museum Trustee’s duties, powers and decision-making, and dispute resolution, in relation to:
(a) legal claims for the return to their rightful owner of stolen antiquities, predicated upon title (‘Restitution claims’); and
(b) moral claims for the return of illegitimately removed cultural artefacts to the source community or state, based upon:
(i) English Law (including equitable principles);
(ii) International Law Treaties;
(iii) jus cogens and erga omnes norms of International Cultural Heritage Law (including ‘inalienability of sovereignty’);
(iv) ethical principles grounded in moral philosophy (including reparative justice, distributive justice and natural law); and
(v) the evolving concept of an artefact having and belonging to a cultural home/place i.e. a ‘cultural homeland.’
(‘Repatriation claims’).
I am planning to start work on the book in September 2025.
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